Candela Technologies provides test equipment to companies around the world to aid in the testing of network equipment and applications. DSLAM, DSL Modem, Cable Router and Cable Modem and various other networking equipment manufacturers and testers are our target market for the LANforge FIRE product line. Our LANforge ICE WAN emulator product is excellent for anyone writing or deploying applications that are designed to work across wide area networks, including VOIP, web applications, online-gaming, and database replication.
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Candela Technologies Inc is a small company with low overhead. We have been in business since November of 2000, and have been profitable since 2002. We have an ever growing list of happy customers, and have been able to expand our products and sales steadily.
Should unfortunate circumstances force our closure, the LANforge software suite will be released under the GNU Public License (GPL). This ensures that you will be able to arrange to have any support and/or features added that you require.
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To resolve problems quickly, perform the following procedure for Linux based systems:
cd /home/lanforge ./lfdebug.bash
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Students and certain non-profit organizations may qualify for a free LANforge software license. For students, the LANforge software must be used on personal machines. If LANforge is to be used on a school's machines, or mandated as part of the in-class curriculum, licenses will need to be purchased. Charitable non-profit organizations may also qualify for free licenses.
If you believe you might qualify, and would like free LANforge software licenses, please send email to support@candelatech.com explaining your status and/or organization and describing how you wish to use LANforge.
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Our LANforge-GUI, LANforge-ICECap and some other tools are already released as source code under the GPL.
Candela Technologies Inc is willing to license you the source code to the proprietary parts of LANforge under certain circumstances. Contact us if you wish to learn more.
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The nc200* image that is used with the LANforge appliance can also boot from a USB storage device on many machines. Assuming your hardware is supported, this is a good way to try out LANforge without having to install Linux from scratch. Unless your machine has exactly 4 ethernet interfaces, you will must reconfigure LANforge to be aware of your network cards once the system has booted. All changes will be saved through reboots (using the USB disk as storage.)
Please note, if you use the wrong of= argument for dd, you can easily completely corrupt your system, requiring a complete re-install. If you have questions, or are un-sure of something, please contact support@candelatech.com before continuing!
bunzip2 nc200*.img.bz2
dd-removable --list
\\?\Device\Harddisk2\Partition0 link to \\?\Device\Harddisk2\DR12 Removable media other than floppy. Block size = 512 size is 512483328 bytes
In this case the output device (of=) is: \\?\Device\Harddisk2\Partition0
Please note the size (512 MB in this case). If the size does not match your USB disk, you are probably looking at the wrong device! In the example above, \\?\Device\Harddisk2\Partition0 is actually a Compact Flash disk. That is, if you have Compact Flash cards and/or USB disks discovered be careful about which you overwrite. You may have existing partitions on the media, but that does not matter. All data on the USB disk will be destroyed when you run the dd command below.
dd-removable --progress if=nc200.4.4.9.img of=\\?\Device\Harddisk2\Partition0 bs=4k
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Please note, if you use the wrong of= argument for dd, you can easily completely corrupt your system, requiring a complete re-install. If you have questions, or are un-sure of something, please contact support@candelatech.com before continuing!
bunzip2 nc200*.img.bz2
dmesg | tail -40
You are looking for something similar to this:
SCSI device sda: 1000944 512-byte hdwr sectors (512 MB) sda: Write Protect is off sda: Mode Sense: 43 00 00 08 sda: assuming drive cache: write through sda: sda1
Please note the (512 MB). If the size does not match your USB disk, you are probably looking at the wrong device! In the example above, /dev/sda is the USB disk, and /dev/sda1 is the first partition. You may have more or no partitions, but that does not matter. All data on the USB disk will be destroyed when you run the dd command below.
dd if=nc200*.img of=/dev/sda bs=4k
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must hit a key within 3 seconds to get into the boot-loader, and then hit some other key (not ENTER) within 3 seconds to select the correct boot image. In most cases, this will be the fifth option (Generic P-II, USB Bootable, VGA-Console)
GNU GRUB version 0.97 (638K lower / 505792K upper memory) +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Candela Technologies Linux 2.6.18.2 (Appliance) | | Candela Technologies Linux 2.6.18.2 (Appliance, USB Bootable) | | Candela Technologies Linux 2.6.18.2 (Generic P-II, VGA-Console) | | Candela Technologies Linux 2.6.18.2 (Generic P-II, Serial-Console) | | Candela Technologies Linux 2.6.18.2 (Generic P-II, USB Bootable, VGA-> | | Candela Technologies Linux 2.6.18.2 (Generic P-II, USB Bootable, Seri> | | | | | | | | | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Use the ^ and v keys to select which entry is highlighted. Press enter to boot the selected OS, 'e' to edit the commands before booting, 'a' to modify the kernel arguments before booting, or 'c' for a command-line.
cd /home/lanforge ./serverctl.bash stop ./lfconfig --new_layout > Make appropriate changes, including setting the mgt_dev to a device that exists on your machine (eth0 is a good option). > config ./serverctl.bash start
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These instructions are intended for users who do not have a built-in floppy drive in the machine being used to run the LANforge bootable CD-ROM.
/etc/init.d/bbc_lanforge start
cd /home/lanforge ./serverctl.bash stop
insmod /lib/modules/2.6.18.2/kernel/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.ko
mount /mnt/rw/floppy
cp /mnt/rw/floppy/license.txt /home/lanforge
./serverctl.bash start
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The complete LANforge database is typically saved in the following directory:
/home/lanforge/DB
Within that directory you will find various saved directories that contain LANforge databases.
You can restore a single database by copying a saved directory to the /home/lanforge/DB directory.
A refresh of the GUI should show the new database on the Status tab under the “Test Configuration Database→List:” drop down menu. Then just choose the Load Behavior for the new database and click “Load”
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Generally, the kernel version should be upgraded to match the LANforge software version which is found on the LANforge software downloads page.
/usr/local/bin/kinstall_ct<Your current kernel version>.bash
cd /home/lanforge ./serverctl.bash stop
cd /home tar -cvzf lanforge_bkup.tar.gz lanforge
./lfconfig --new_layout
./serverctl.bash start
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Uninstall the old one using add-remove-programs or the uninstall program menu option. To install the new GUI, just run the installer and follow the directions.
To upgrade the LF0200 or CT920 appliance, you can either upgrade the server and kernel components as described above for Linux, or you can upgrade the entire compact-flash (CF) image. The latter may be easier, and will also include any other upgrades to the basic Operating System configuration and components, but you will lose your LANforge configuration.
As of LANforge Release 4.4.10 the CF image requires a 1GB CF card with a true minimum size of 1039417344 bytes. For example, RiDATA Pro 1GB Model CFR1G-SILV is known to work whereas a SANDisk Ultra II 1.0GB is too small. To be safe, any 2GB CF card should work fine.
As of LANforge Release 5.0.6 the CF image requires a 2GB CF card.
Please note, if you use the wrong of= argument for dd, you can easily completely corrupt your system, requiring a complete re-install. If you have questions, or are un-sure of something, please contact support@candelatech.com before continuing!
dmesg | tail -40
You are looking for something similar to this:
SCSI device sda: 1000944 512-byte hdwr sectors (512 MB) sda: Write Protect is off sda: Mode Sense: 43 00 00 08 sda: assuming drive cache: write through sda: sda1
Please note the (512 MB). If the size does not match your CF disk, you are probably looking at the wrong device! In the example above, /dev/sda is the CF disk, and /dev/sda1 is the first partition. You may have more or no partitions, but that does not matter. All data on the CF disk will be destroyed when you run the dd command below.
dd if=nc200*.img of=/dev/sda bs=4k
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Please note, if you use the wrong of= argument for dd, you can easily completely corrupt your system, requiring a complete re-install. If you have questions, or are unsure of something, please contact support@candelatech.com before continuing!
As of LANforge Release 5.0.6 the CF image requires a 2GB CF card.
bunzip2 nc200*.img.bz2
\\?\Device\Harddisk2\Partition0 link to \\?\Device\Harddisk2\DR12 Removable media other than floppy. Block size = 512 size is 512483328 bytes
Please note the size is 512 MB. If the size does not match your CF disk, you are probably looking at the wrong device! In the example above, \\?\Device\Harddisk2\Partition0 is the CF disk. You may have partitions, but that does not matter. All data on the CF disk will be destroyed when you run the dd command below.
dd-removable --progress if=nc200.4.4.9.img of=\\?\Device\Harddisk2\Partition0 bs=4k
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When using the LANforge layer-4 endpoint feature, you can build your URL such that LANforge will attempt to log in to the destination machine as a particular user with a particular password. The syntax is:
ftp://user:password@ftp.my.site:8021/README
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Please note: It is usually a bad idea to force the speed of an interface. If possible, leave in Auto-negotiate mode. Contact support@candelatech.com if you have questions.
LANforge supports setting the ethernet port speeds through the GUI and CLI. The CLI Scripts page offers the lf_verify.pl script that has an example of setting the port speeds through the CLI. Information on how to set it through the GUI can be found in this section of the LANforge GUI Users Guide
To manually change the ethernet port speeds without using LANforge, you can use the ethtool program available on most Linux distributions. 'man ethtool' will give you details on program usage.
If you wish to ensure that the ports are back to their 'default' behaviour, you can follow these steps:
cd /home/lanforge ./serverctl.bash stop
rm DB/DFLT/ports.db
reboot
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Currently we are shipping with Fedora 20 for Linux and have a limited feature set for Windows 7 / 8. You can find the latest LANforge linux kernel at http://www.candelatech.com/downloads.php and installation instructions in the LANforge Server Install Guide.
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One possibility is bad hardware, including a bad NIC and/or bad network cable. A link speed mis-match can also cause these and other errors. You can get a link speed mis-match by forcing one NIC to a certain speed and letting the other side auto-negotiate, for example.
Please contact support@candelatech.com if you continue to see Carrier or other ethernet driver errors.
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LANforge-ICE now supports two modes: bridged and routed.
In bridge mode, LANforge-ICE acts as a transparent 'lump' in the ethernet wire. You can think of it as an ethernet hub when setting up your network. It specifically does NOT route packets, but merely transmits all packets coming in on one port to the other port. When using using a WanLink (LANforge-ICE connection) the LANforge system will force the IP addresses on the WanLink ports to be 0.0.0.0. You can still communicate to the device over the management port.
In routed mode, LANforge-ICE still acts like a bridge internally, but through the use of the redirect-device feature in the Candela Linux kernel, the end result is a network emulator that can act like a router. See the routed mode section of the LANforge-ICE Cookbook or the LANforge-GUI User Guide for more details. Routed LANforge-ICE is not currently supported on Microsoft Windows.
LANforge-ICE can work on ethernet or 802.1Q VLAN interfaces, and has the ability to bridge VLANs with different VLAN ids. This VLAN support can be combined with a VLAN-aware ethernet switch to provide 48 or more independent emulated networks with only 3 relatively inexpensive machines.
When connecting a PC to a LANforge-ICE port, you may need to use a cross-over cable, but if you are connecting LANforge-ICE to a switch or hub, a regular cable should be used in most cases.
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NOTE: It is suggested that the user use 'AUTO' for backlog buffer unless they understand and want different settings.
Connection Type | Backlog Buffer | Speed (bps) | Latency |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | 8-64 | 1544000 | 20ms + |
DSL | 6-64 | 128Kbps - 512Kbps upload 512Kbps to 6Mbps download | 40ms download 60ms upload |
Satellite | 32-256 | 56Kbps - 1Mbps upload 512Kbps to 20Mbps download (Service varies widely!) | 150ms both directions (at least!) |
Cable Modem | 8-64 | 128Kbps - 512Kbps upload 512Kbps to 6Mbps download | 40ms download 60ms upload |
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Students use LANforge-FIRE to generate different types of traffic and sniff the network with Wireshark or other network sniffers to determine what type of traffic is being sent where. Possible coverage of the following topics:
Students build on their previous knowledge and experience using LANforge-FIRE to go into more detail and begin using LANforge-ICE. Possible coverage of the following topics:
Students are given a network design problem and asked to simulate it using LANforge-FIRE and LANforge-ICE. Possible coverage of the following topics:
Throughout the course, students can use the LANforge box to study Linux topics such as:
Students developing or deploying network based application use LANforge to test and determine:
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GPRS/GRPS is a packet data protocol that runs over cell phones, primarily. It is relatively slow, and has lots of latency and jitter. LANforge-ICE can emulate a GRPS network connection, you just need to enter the correct values into your WanLink.
Please see this research paper on TCP and GPRS/GRPS called Practical Experience with TCP over GPRS
There are some other papers available on P. Stuckmann's site. For additional resources from P. Stuckmann search Google for “P Stuckmann GPRS” or “P Stuckmann GRPS”.
Here are the numbers to plug into LANforge to emulate the settings described in the paper above.
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DSL is typically an asymetric offering, with higher download speeds than upload speeds. Typical download speeds are 512kbps - 1.54Mbps and typical upload speeds are 128kbps - 512kbps. Cable modems are also asymetric, with similar upload speeds to that of DSL. The download speeds are often higher, ranging up to 3Mbps in many cases.
It really depends on what the local DSL & Cable providers are selling, however.
A good estimate for latency would be 35ms in both directions for a round-trip-time of 70ms.
Packet loss should be rare providing you are not overloading the network under test (and overloading the network will drop packets independently of the packet-loss settings in LANforge anyway). Packet duplication and reordering should be extremely rare events.
Cable & DSL emulations should have a backlog buffer of 16-32 in most cases. Larger buffers can seriously increase latency and/or make TCP/IP run sub-optimally.
ISPs almost always oversell their bandwidth and assume that not everyone will be using the resources at the same time. This means that there will be times, and perhaps repeating periods of the day, when latencies, bandwidth constriction and packet loss are MUCH higher. For these bad-case scenarios try setting latency to 150ms in both directions, packet-loss of 2%, and bandwidth constriction of 1/5th of normal. You may also want to use the LANforge-ICEcap tool to capture latencies and packet loss on real networks that your typical customers use.
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The CT970-24 and CT970-48 (see: http://www.candelatech.com/lf_systems.php) utilizes an 802.1Q VLAN switch and LANforge's ability to use and manage 802.1Q VLANs to provide large numbers of unique emulations per physical machine. In addition to the LANforge-ICE machine, you will need a Linux system set up to act as a VLAN bridge. Candela sells the complete solution, but if you wish to provide your own bridge system, you can use a script similar to this to create the bridge group:
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; my $i; my $mx_vlans = 24; my $start_vid = 101; my $vlan_dev = "eth3"; my $upstream_dev = "eth2"; print "Creating $mx_vlans on ethernet port $vlan_dev\n"; `ifconfig $vlan_dev up`; `ifconfig $upstream_dev up`; for ($i = $start_vid; $i < ($start_vid + $mx_vlans); $i++) { `vconfig add $vlan_dev $i`; `ifconfig $vlan_dev.$i 0.0.0.0 netmask 0.0.0.0 up`; } print "Adding bridge group."; `brctl addbr br0`; `brctl addif br0 $upstream_dev`; for ($i = $start_vid; $i < ($start_vid + $mx_vlans); $i++) { `brctl addif br0 $vlan_dev.$i`; } `ifconfig br0 up`;
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q switchport mode trunk spanning-tree portfast spanning-tree bpdufilter enable
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echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_tw_recycle
Contact Candela Technologies if you still have performance problems, we may be able to offer advice tailored specifically for you.
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Solaris seems to default to very conservative tcp stack configuration with regard to running at decent speeds over a high-latency link. Here is some general information on the theory, and some specific resources for tuning Solaris to run faster over such links.
Here is a good link showing how latency affects bandwidth, and how to tune Solaris to make it run better on high-latency links. http://www-unix.gridforum.org/mail_archive/data-wg/pdf00000.pdf
Here is another page on tuning/diagnosing the Solaris tcp stack. http://www.jimparker.co.uk/technotes/tcp-tuning-solaris.html
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For moderate needs, a modern multi-core processor, 1GB+ RAM, and Intel pci-e NICs is a good choice.
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To enable the Armageddon accelerated packet generator, MAC-VLAN virtual interfaces, and several other neat features that LANforge can use if present, you must patch the Linux kernel, compile it, and install it. These directions assume you are using RedHat 9 or higher, but most of the steps will be identical on other Linux distributions as well. Please note that the LANforge-ICE kernel module is NOT included in the patch and is proprietary code. You will have to use a pre-built LANforge kernel to use kernel-mode ICE. If you are skilled at these things, you can use our patch and build a kernel that can load the wanlink module found in our pre-compiled kernels.
You can also download pre-compiled LANforge Linux kernels here
tar -xvzf linux-2.6.13.tar.gz
cd linux-2.6.13 patch -p 1 < candela_2.6.13.patch cd ..
First, copy the Candela kernel configuration file into place. This will be the basis of your configuration. Then we will start the Linux configuration tool.
cp kernel26_p4s.cfg linux-2.6.13/.config cd linux-2.6.13 make xconfig
At this point, you will need to at least specify the correct CPU that this kernel will be used with. Armageddon requires a CPU that is Pentium class or better. You can select the CPU by clicking on the “Processor type and features” button in the kernel xconfig GUI.
When done with the configuration, click on the “Save and Exit” button.
First, make the dependencies, and then the kernel and its modules. Finally, we'll install the modules and the kernel. You may have to edit /etc/lilo.conf or /etc/grub.conf to enable the selection of the new kernel.
make dep make bzImage make modules make modules_install make install
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First, get the EE ready to work by logging into its serial console and running the commands:
scan join
Then create some VSTAs on the emulation engine. You will need to use a range of MAC addresses that relate to your particular EE. The EE will print its MAC when you log into it from its serial console. The command below creates 64 VSTAs in layer-2 external mode, starting with MAC 00:0b:6b:30:05:01. Layer-3 mode can also work with LANforge, but Layer-2 is easier to configure and works with more protocols in LANforge:
autoconf 64 mac 00:0b:6b:30:05:01 mode external layer 2
Start all of the VSTAs:
run vsta all
Now, create an appropriate number of MAC-VLANs in LANforge. The easiest way is to use the 'Create' button on the Ports tab in the GUI. The starting MAC address range should match the command given to the EE CLI.
Make sure that the wired ethernet interface on the EE plugs into the LANforge port that has the MAC-VLANs configured on it. The peer LANforge endpoints should be on a network or interface connected to the wired side of your Wireless Access Point (AP). The EE and AP will act like a bridge, so the LANforge endpoints should be on the same subnet.
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First, you must patch the 'mount' tool in the util-linux package to be able to bind to a local IP address. If you are using a kernel earlier than 2.6.23, apply the 'mount.patch' found in the LANforge-Extras package on the Downloads page and build as normal. If you are using a 2.6.23 or higher kernel, use the pre-patched nfs-utils-fc8-ct.tar.gz download from the same directory that contained the LANforge release. Save your old mount binaries aside and copy the new one into its place. If you are using a preconfigured kernel from the Candela downloads page, it will already have the NFS related kernel patches applied. If you want to compile your own kernel, get the candela-2.6.X.X.patch from the LANforge-Extras package and use it to patch your kernel.
NOTE: There are some scripts to automate this. See the end of this section for details. Doing things manually will give you more flexibility, however.
Now, create several virtual interfaces in LANforge, giving them appropriate IP addresses. This can be done on the 'Port-Mgr' tab in the LANforge-GUI.
After the ports have been created, create local mount points in the file system, for instance:
mkdir /mnt/nfs1 mkdir /mnt/nfs2 mkdir /mnt/nfs3 ...
Next, add the mount point to the /etc/fstab file. In the example below, it is assumed that the NFS server's IP address is 172.2.2.2 and that the server is exporting the export/nfs* directories. It is also assumed that you have several virtual interfaces on the 172.2.2.X subnet. For kernel 2.6.20-12 and below (LANforge 5.0.4 and below)
172.2.2.2/export/nfs1 /mnt/nfs1 nfs noauto,local_ip=172.2.2.3 0 0 172.2.2.2/export/nfs1 /mnt/nfs2 nfs noauto,local_ip=172.2.2.4 0 0 172.2.2.2/export/nfs2 /mnt/nfs3 nfs noauto,local_ip=172.2.2.5 0 0 ...
For kernel 2.6.23 and above (LANforge 5.0.5 and above), use this format:
172.2.2.2/export/nfs1 /mnt/nfs1 nfs noauto,clientaddr=172.2.2.3 0 0 172.2.2.2/export/nfs1 /mnt/nfs2 nfs noauto,clientaddr=172.2.2.4 0 0 172.2.2.2/export/nfs2 /mnt/nfs3 nfs noauto,clientaddr=172.2.2.5 0 0 ...
After setting up the /etc/fstab file similar to that above, you mount the NFS server:
mount /mnt/nfs1 mount /mnt/nfs2 mount /mnt/nfs3 ...
Now, you can create File-IO tests in the LANforge GUI and configure the /mnt/nfs* directories to be used for reads and writes. As LANforge (or other tools) read and write files to the mount points, the traffic will go over the virtual interfaces, and the NFS server will believe that multiple individual machines are accessing it.
Automating NFS & CIFS testing with scripts:
lf_macvlan.pl mgr=localhost lf1=1 lf2="" lf1_ports=0 lf2_ports="" cx_types=fileIONFS \ num_mvl=10 min_rate=1000000 max_rate=1000000 one_per_port=0 fsrw=write ip_base=172.100 \ ip_c=1 ip_lsb=2 ip_msk=255.255.0.0 create_only=1
./create-mounts.sh NFS eth6 0 9 172.100.1.1 /mnt/d2 /mnt/fio_base
After the tests are created and the mount points created and mounted, you can go to the LANforge-GUI and start selected tests.
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First, you must patch the 'samba' application, which acts as the SMB client and/or server to be able to bind to a local IP address. Apply the 'samba_local_bind.patch' found in the http://www.candelatech.com/oss/ directory and build and install as normal. There are no kernel-specific changes needed, so any kernel that works with LANforge will be ok.
NOTE: This can be automated with scripts. See the bottom of this entry for more details.
Now, create several virtual interfaces in LANforge, giving them appropriate IP addresses. This can be done on the 'Port-Mgr' tab in the LANforge-GUI.
After the ports have been created, create local mount points in the file system, for instance:
mkdir /mnt/smb1 mkdir /mnt/smb2 mkdir /mnt/smb3 ...
Next, add the mount point to the /etc/fstab file. In the example below, it is assumed that the SMB server's IP address is 172.2.2.2 and that the server is sharing the smb* directories. It is also assumed that you have several virtual interfaces on the 172.2.2.X subnet. The key is the local_ip and the local_dev settings. The IP should be the IP on the local device (interface).
//172.2.2.2/smb1 /mnt/smb1 cifs noauto,local_ip=172.2.2.3,local_dev=eth2#0,username=lanforge,password=lanforge 0 0 //172.2.2.2/smb1 /mnt/smb2 cifs noauto,local_ip=172.2.2.4,local_dev=eth2#1,username=lanforge,password=lanforge 0 0 //172.2.2.2/smb2 /mnt/smb3 cifs noauto,local_ip=172.2.2.5,local_dev=eth2#2,username=lanforge,password=lanforge 0 0 ...
After setting up the /etc/fstab file similar to that above, you mount the SMB server shares:
mount /mnt/smb1 mount /mnt/smb2 mount /mnt/smb3 ...
You can also pass the local_ip and local_dev arguments directly to the smbmount tool if you do not wish to use the fstab.
Now, you can create File-IO tests in the LANforge GUI and configure the /mnt/smb* directories to be used for reads and writes. As LANforge (or other tools) read and write files to the mount points, the traffic will go over the virtual interfaces, and the SMB server will believe that multiple individual machines are accessing it.
Automating CIFS testing with scripts:
lf_macvlan.pl mgr=localhost lf1=1 lf2="" lf1_ports=0 lf2_ports="" cx_types=fileIOCIFS \ num_mvl=10 min_rate=1000000 max_rate=1000000 one_per_port=0 fsrw=write ip_base=172.100 \ ip_c=1 ip_lsb=2 ip_msk=255.255.0.0 create_only=1
./create-mounts.sh CIFS eth6 0 9 172.100.1.1 /mnt/d2 /mnt/fio_base
After the tests are created and the mount points created and mounted, you can go to the LANforge-GUI and start selected tests.
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On Linux, just use the Port-Mgr tab (modify port) in the LANforge GUI. You can find more information on how to do this in the LANforge-GUI User Guide.
For windows: See this link for detailed information: http://www.microsoft.com/technet/network/ipv6/ipv6faq.mspx
For current LANforge releases, you can just use the GUI to set the preferred fixed address (or DHCP) from the Port-Mgr tab just as you would configure any other interface. For older releases, or if you prefer to do it manually, see below.
Please Note: You shoud NOT change the management interface's IP address while LANforge is running. You should first stop LANforge, then change the IP, then start LANforge again. Or, you can just reboot the machine and the new settings will take affect automatically.
To stop LANforge issue the command:
/home/lanforge/serverctl.bash stop
For Redhat, Fedora, and similar systems, you will edit the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-device-name file. These examples assume the management interface is called 'eth3'. Your system may be using a different management interface! A DHCP configuration file looks similar to:
DEVICE=eth3 ONBOOT=yes BOOTPROTO=dhcp
To change to a fixed address, use settings similar to:
DEVICE="eth3" ONBOOT="yes" BOOTPROTO="static" NM_CONTROLLED="no" IPADDR="192.168.1.101" NETMASK="255.255.255.0"
You may also want to configure the default Gateway/Router for the system by editing the /etc/sysconfig/network adding a line similar to:
GATEWAY="192.168.1.1"
To have the new settings take affect, you can bring the interface down and back up again with the commands (as user root):
ifdown eth3 ifup eth3
OR if connected via IP:
(ifdown eth3; ifup eth3)
OR as root issue:
# service network restart
To start LANforge issue:
/home/lanforge/serverctl start
Alternatively, reboot the system and LANforge will start automatically:
# reboot
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If you order a complete hardware solution from Candela, everything will already be installed and configured for you. You may still want to look at the Digium PPP instructions at the bottom since it explains how to configure particular T1s and channels to run PPP.
cd /usr/src export CVSROOT=:pserver:anoncvs@cvs.digium.com:/usr/cvsroot cvs login - the password is **anoncvs** cvs -z3 co zaptel libpri asterisk #Uncomment the following line in zconfig.h of the Zaptel package: cd zaptel vim zconfig.h #define CONFIG_ZAPATA_PPP make clean; make install # In the zaptel directory.
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LANforge's PPPoE support has been tested with the Roaring Penguin PPPoE server. Here is a short guide to configuring it. Please see your PPPoE server's documentation for more detailed configuration information.
HOW TO SET UP PPPOE-SERVER FOR USE WITH LANFORGE
The following configuration works:
1. On the LANforge (PPPoE client) side:
Create a PPP-Link. Use the default configuration, except: - Unit-Number = 0 (or a higher number if you are using 0). - Select correct Shelf and Card for the client machine. - (Local-IP and Remote-IP should remain 0.0.0.0 because these are assigned by the server) - Debug = ON (not necessary to make it work) - (Auth should remain OFF). - Persist = OFF (setting it to ON means LANforge won't log unexpected losses of pppd connection, though this is fine as long as this is what you want) - Transport Type = PPPoE - PPPoE-Port = the chosen ethernet interface. Note that the (MGT) interface works fine. 2. On the server side: - Create /etc/ppp/pppoe-server-options containing these lines: ------------- SNIP debug noauth ------------- SNIP noauth makes it so the client does not need to authenticate itself. Alternatively you can use chap authentication via the /etc/ppp/chap-secrets file on both client/server sides, and 'name <user>' on the client side. - Use this script to run it: pppoe-server -I eth0 -L 192.168.140.1 -R 192.168.140.2 -F The IP addresses should be in a /24 subnet you are not already using. The client will be handed IP addresses starting from 192.168.140.2. A successful debug output on the client side (in /home/lanforge/pppLogs/ppp0-eth<whatever>.log) looks like this: using channel 50 Using interface ppp0 Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/pts/2 sent [[LCP|ConfReq id=0x1 <asyncmap 0x0> <magic 0x48c0c8c1> <pcomp> <accomp>]] rcvd [[LCP|ConfReq id=0x1 <magic 0x90d3ec0d>]] sent [[LCP|ConfAck id=0x1 <magic 0x90d3ec0d>]] rcvd [[LCP|ConfRej id=0x1 <asyncmap 0x0> <pcomp> <accomp>]] sent [[LCP|ConfReq id=0x2 <magic 0x48c0c8c1>]] rcvd [[LCP|ConfAck id=0x2 <magic 0x48c0c8c1>]] sent [[LCP|EchoReq id=0x0 magic=0x48c0c8c1]] sent [[CCP|ConfReq id=0x1 <deflate 15> <deflate(old#) 15> <bsd v1 15>]] sent [[IPCP|ConfReq id=0x1 <compress VJ 0f 01> <addr 192.168.137.6>]] rcvd [[LCP|EchoReq id=0x0 magic=0x90d3ec0d]] sent [[LCP|EchoRep id=0x0 magic=0x48c0c8c1]] rcvd [[LCP|EchoRep id=0x0 magic=0x90d3ec0d]] rcvd [[IPCP|ConfReq id=0x1 <addr 192.168.140.1>]] sent [[IPCP|ConfAck id=0x1 <addr 192.168.140.1>]] rcvd [[CCP|ConfReq id=0x1]] sent [[CCP|ConfAck id=0x1]] rcvd [[CCP|ConfRej id=0x1 <deflate 15> <deflate(old#) 15> <bsd v1 15>]] sent [[CCP|ConfReq id=0x2]] rcvd [[IPCP|ConfRej id=0x1 <compress VJ 0f 01>]] sent [[IPCP|ConfReq id=0x2 <addr 192.168.137.6>]] rcvd [[CCP|ConfAck id=0x2]] rcvd [[IPCP|ConfNak id=0x2 <addr 192.168.140.2>]] sent [[IPCP|ConfReq id=0x3 <addr 192.168.140.2>]] rcvd [[IPCP|ConfAck id=0x3 <addr 192.168.140.2>]] Cannot determine ethernet address for proxy ARP local IP address 192.168.140.2 remote IP address 192.168.140.1 Script /etc/ppp/ip-up started (pid 4188) Script /etc/ppp/ip-up finished (pid 4188), status = 0x0
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First, download and install Asterisk from www.asterisk.org. To build/install, I used these commands (see their README):
make make install make samples
Then added these lines to /etc/asterisk/sip.conf:
; Grandstream [1001] type=friend host=dynamic ; cisco phone [1002] type=friend host=dynamic
Then add these lines to /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf:
exten => 1001,1,Dial(SIP/1001,200,tr) exten => 1002,1,Dial(SIP/1002,200,tr)
My phones register as phone numbers 1001 and 1002. There may be a better way to do it, but with this config I was able to make calls…
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All that is required is to add the .csv file extension to the spreadsheet file you wish to import into OOCalc. Excel automatically recognizes the default .txt extension and imports correctly.
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Insert a column after the Unix timestamp and enter the following formula into the first blank cell of the new column:
((A2/1000)+(-8*3600)+((365*70+19)*86400))/86400
Copy this formula down the entire column ensuring that the A2 element of the formula increases down the column.
Format the new column so that the cells are in Date format:
MM/DD/YYYY HH:MM:SS.000
which will show the date and time with milliseconds.
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By default, Windows does not support QoS. To enable it, please see this page: http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;EN-US;q248611
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Sometimes, the animated graphs shown after clicking the Display button will be blurry or rendered incorrectly. This might be due to a combination of interactions between Windows, Direct3D, Java and graphics card driver. Workarounds for the problem are documented under SUN Java bug 6213204. The workarounds involve changing the way the graphics driver performs 3D aliasing and/or invoking Java without Direct3D using one or more of the following command line flags:
Dsun.java2d.d3d=false Dsun.java2d.ddoffscreen=false Dsun.java2d.noddraw=true
Example:
jre\bin\java.exe -cp lfclient.jar;./ -Dsun.java2d.d3d=false candela.lanforge.lfclient
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On Windows XP, perform the following for every “LAN Area Connection” that will be used by LANforge ICE:
Click Start then click Network Connections to open the "Network Connections" window.
OR
Click Start, Control Panel, Network and Internet Connections, and finally click Network Connections.
Right click "LAN Area Connection N", where N is the number of the LAN connection you want to use with LANforge ICE. For the first LAN Area Connection of your system N will be blank.
Click on Properties to bring up the "Local Area Connection N Properies" window.
Under "The connection uses the following items:", scroll down to "Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)" and uncheck the box.
Click "OK" and the LAN Area Connection is ready to use with LANforge ICE.
For other Windows versions the procedure is similar, the key is to disable “Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)” on the LAN Area Connection. Other services such as “QoS Packet Scheduler” should probably be disabled although we have not noticed any impact to LANforge performance.
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LANforge ICE injects serialization delay for packets which might be the reason why the measured latency is higher than the configured latency.
Serialization Delay (ms) = Size of Packet (bits) / Transmission Rate (kbps)
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Please use PuTTY, which can be downloaded here: putty.exe
For PuTTY, you need the following Telnet settings under Terminal: disable “Auto wrap mode initially on” and enable “Implicit CR in every LF”, all other Telnet settings are default PuTTY.
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LANforge Data Generator REG_SZ C:\Program Files\LANforge-Server\lfserver.bat LANforge Manager REG_SZ C:\Program Files\LANforge-Server\lfserverm.bat
My Computer\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
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NOTE: Low powered machines and low-memory machines may see a significant performance drop if VNC is running.
yum install vnc-server
vi /etc/sysconfig/vncservers
VNCSERVERS="1:lanforge" VNCSERVERARGS[[1]]="-geometry 1280x1024"
su - lanforge vncpasswd
ntsysv
/etc/init.d/vncserver start
vi /home/lanforge/.vnc/xstartup
#!/bin/sh vncconfig -nowin & # Uncomment the following two lines for normal desktop: unset SESSION_MANAGER exec /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc [|-x /etc/vnc/xstartup ] && exec /etc/vnc/xstartup [|-r $HOME/.Xresources ] && xrdb $HOME/.Xresources xsetroot -solid grey #vncconfig -iconic & xterm -geometry 80x24+10+10 -ls -title "$VNCDESKTOP Desktop" & twm &
/etc/init.d/vncserver restart
vncviewer [ip of lanforge machine]:1
Candela Technologies, Suite 201, 2417 Main Street, Ferndale, WA 98248, USA | www.candelatech.com | sales@candelatech.com | +1 360 380 1618 (PST, GMT -8)
Candela Technologies, Suite 201, 2417 Main Street, Ferndale, WA 98248, USA | www.candelatech.com | sales@candelatech.com | +1 360 380 1618 (PST, GMT -8)
No. LANforge should work with any NIC that the host OS supports. However, we suggest Intel PCI-e NICs for good stability and performance.
Candela Technologies, Suite 201, 2417 Main Street, Ferndale, WA 98248, USA | www.candelatech.com | sales@candelatech.com | +1 360 380 1618 (PST, GMT -8)
DFLT
database to DB/dflt_$timestamp
. This logic is run from pre_lanforge.pl
. Introduced 5.3.7.Candela Technologies, Suite 201, 2417 Main Street, Ferndale, WA 98248, USA | www.candelatech.com | sales@candelatech.com | +1 360 380 1618 (PST, GMT -8)
Munin is a client/server tool that allows you to monitor many different types of data on your systems. Several plugins are available at the Munin Exchange. The one discussed here is: if-v2 for wireless statistics. These instructions are for a Fedora OS installation.
sudo lvscan
sudo fsck -fvy /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_home
sudo fdisk -l
sudo fsck -fvy /dev/sda1
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It is possible to install new Groovy Plugins by copying them to your LANforge_GUI directory. See also Plugins chapter of the GUI User Guide. The steps described below illustrate fixing an actual problem with a plugin.
In 5.3.1, the port_reset.groovy plugin is broken. There is a fixed copy of port_reset.groovy available on our downloads directory.
The LANforgeGUI is typically installed in /home/lanforge/LANforgeGUI_5.3.1
and user provided
groovy plugins under user_groovy.
Open a terminal, and use these commands:
cd /home/lanforge/LANforgeGUI_5.3.1 mkdir user_groovy cd user_groovy wget http://guest:guest@www.candelatech.com/private/downloads/r5.3.1/port_reset.groovy
port_reset.groovy
to your desktop. port_reset.groovy (The file might get saved into My Documents\Downloads).user_groovy
port_reset.groovy
from your downloads folder to the LANforge-GUI_5.3.1\user_groovy
folder.As of LANforge 5.3.1, new plugin scripts will be activated automatically when your LANforge GUI starts.
Earlier versions of the LANforge GUI might need manual script installation.
The code below can be useful to help a plugin to unregister itself if you need it to replace an earlier (pre-installed) plugin:
class _______________ { boolean force_unregister = true; String oldname = "candela/lanforge/builtin_groovy/wifi_capacity.groovy"; . . . void register(String rname) { if (force_unregister) { // do this when over-riding plugin GroovyClassLoader class_loader = new GroovyClassLoader(); try { StringBuilder sb = FileJig.readResource(class_loader, oldname); Class groovyClass = class_loader.parseClass(sb.toString()); GroovyObject groovyObject = (GroovyObject) groovyClass.newInstance(); String[] args = { rname }; groovyObject.invokeMethod("unRegister", args); } catch (Exception ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } } . . . }
On older versions of windows, the LANforge GUI installs in
%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data\LANforge-GUI_5.3.1
Example:
C:\Documents and Settings\jreynolds\Local Settings\Application Data\LANforge-GUI_5.3.1
On Windows 7 and newer, the LANforge installs in
%LOCALAPPDATA%\LANforge-GUI_5.3.1
Example:
C:\Users\jreynolds\AppData\Local\LANforge-GUI_5.3.1
To convert unix line endings \n
to DOS line endings \r\n
on windows you can use this magical command:
TYPE input_filename | MORE /P > output_filename
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Some testing environments use rsh/rlogin as part of their orchestration mechanism. Fedora does not come with this service pre-installed, you have to install it and configure your system to allow it.
yum makecache fast yum install -y xinetd rsh-server
Grant access to users root
and lanforge
:
echo "+" > /root/.rhosts echo "+" > /home/lanforge/.rhosts chown lanforge:lanforge /home/lanforge/.rhosts
PAM is not going to want people to login without a password. The first step is necessary. The second step is only if you continue to be questioned for a password as root. Some versions install a pam.d/rlogin file as well. If you tail /var/log/security
, you might see complaints about the keyword promiscuous
. Does not appear to be a fatal warning.
vim /etc/pam.d/rsh ---8<--- auth sufficient pam_rhosts.so promiscuous vim /etc/pam.d/rlogin ---8<--- auth sufficient pam_rhosts.so promiscuous
This second step is for UID check, you will comment out the the check for a UID >= 1000.
vim /etc/pam.d/system-auth ---8<--- #auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 1000 quiet vim /etc/pam.d/password-auth #auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 1000 quiet
We want basic tty login permission for root over rsh. Add the entry rsh
:
vim /etc/securetty ---8<--- rsh
Now enable the rsh and rlogin service provided by xinetd, set disable = no
. Not all distributions install the xinet.d/rlogin file but you'll find the rsh service file.
cd /etc/xinetd.d/ vim rsh ---8<--- disable = no
vim rlogin ---8<--- disable = no
Enable and restart the service:
systemctl restart xinetd.service systemctl status xinetd.service
The iSCSI target service provides disk resources to other hosts on the network. That service is named tgtd
and the scsi-target-utils package provides that. The iSCSI initiator is the client service for workstations that claims iSCSI *targets*. The initiator is installed by lf_kinstall.pl
in package iscsi-initiator-utils.
NEVER share target IDs Attaching an iSCSI target is directly analagous to directly mapping a raw disk device. Two different iSCSI initiators mounting the same target id will write conflicting data and destroy the integrity of the filesystem. It makes no sense to test iSCSI performance against a single target id and multiple iSCSI clients (put NFS between them instead)…Design a n:1 mapping between targets and clients beforehand. Clients are likely going to request multiple targets.
Simple installation and activation, assume your target server has IP 1.2.3.4. You login and logout in order to attach and detach iSCSI targets.
rpm -qi iscsi-initiator-utils iscsiadm -m discovery -t sendtargets -p 1.2.3.4 iscsiadm -m node -target '$somelongtarget' --login
After you attach a target, you may then mount it. To find the target, scan /var/log/messages
or journalctl -xe
.
grep "Attached SCSI" /var/log/messages
You want to use /sbin/blkid
to add to fstab
blkid /dev/sdX vim /etc/fstab ---8<--- UUID=$bigblockid /mnt/scsithing ext4 _netdev 0 0
Multi path targeting is a scenario where you have multiple network interfaces and multiple iSCSI targets. It is probably that you want to test simultaneous target attachments, possibly where you have multiple network segments offering their own realm of iSCSI targets. If this the case, start with configuring the iSCSI interfaces available, and make services bind either to interface name or to hardware addresses (if you don't have udev rules for the interfaces).
List your defined iSCSI interfaces:
iscsiadm -m iface
List details for them:
iscsiadm -m iface -I eth1
Create a new iSCSI interface and modify it:
iscsiadm -m iface -I eth1 --op=new iscsiadm -m iface -I eth1 --op=update -n iface.hwaddress -v 00:00:de:ad:be:ef
The name of an iSCSI interface is not related to the network adapter name; above, we could have said -I scsi0
instead of -I eth1
.
Once the interfaces are defined, you want to perform your discovery and login commands using the -I
argument plus the server ip for the corresponding network segment:
iscsiadm -m discovery -t st -p 1.2.3.4 -I eth1 iscsiadm -m discovery -t st -p 2.3.4.5 -I eth2 iscsiadm -m node -T 'iqn.2001-05.com.vendor:gibberish:sn.1234' --login -I eth1 iscsiadm -m node -T 'iqn.2001-05.com.vendor:gibberish:sn.2345' --login -I eth2
Basically, there's two upgrade options.
1. cable the mgt port of the LANforge to a LAN that can route to the Internet 1. ssh as root to the lanforge machine 2. make sure the LANforge can ping 8.8.8.8 or www.candelatech.com 3. run that perl command in the instructions perl <(curl https://www.candelatech.com/lf_kinstall.txt) --lfver 5.4.1 --do_all_ct --kver 5.2.21+ 2. Or you can download the update bundle to your laptop, and copy that bundle over to the LANforge machine 1. ssh to the LANforge machine and check /etc/os-release for the version: $ head /etc/os-release head /etc/os-release
NAME=Fedora VERSION=“30 (MATE-Compiz)” ID=fedora VERSION_ID=30
2. Download http://www.candelatech.com/private/downloads/r5.4.1/Bundle_lfver-5.4.1_kern-5.2.21+_osver-F30-i-30_x64.tar.xz If you're running Fedora 27, choose the Bundle with the phrase osver-F27. 1. scp the bundle to /home/lanforge/Downloads 2. download the latest lf_kinstall.pl script and copy that to /root: http://www.candelatech.com/lf_kinstall.txt 1. scp lf_kinstall.txt root@lanforge-machine:/root/lf_kinstall.pl 2. ssh root@lanforge-machine 3. # chmod +x ./lf_kinstall.pl 3. run the that lf_kinstall.pl script as root like so: # ./lf_kinstall.pl --use_install_bundle /home/lanforge/Downloads/Bundle_*xz
We only want to install the target service if we want to offer iSCSI targets.
rpm -qi scsi-target-utils
We want port 3260 open
iptables -vnL netstat -ntlp | grep 3260
Edit /etc/tgt/targets.conf
to offer targets. Restart tgtd
if we edit that file.
systemctl restart tgtd
More on tgtd service administration.